Сила доброты. Как с помощью эмпатии менять мир к лучшему - Джамиль Заки

возникающую за доли секунды. Makiko Yamada et al., “Pleasing Frowns, Disappointing Smiles: An ERP Investigation of Counterempathy,” Emotion 11, no. 6 (2011): 1336.

127

Активность мозга: Mina Cikara et al., “Us Versus Them: Social Identity Shapes Neural Responses to Intergroup Competition and Harm,” Psychological Science 22, no. 3 (2011): 306–13. Улыбка: Mina Cikara and Susan T. Fiske, “Stereotypes and Schadenfreude: Affective and Physiological Markers of Pleasure at Outgroup Misfortunes,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3, no. 1 (2012): 63–71.

128

Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Cambridge, Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1954), especially pp. 269–77; and Thomas F. Pettigrew, “Gordon Willard Allport: A Tribute,” Journal of Social Issues 55, no. 3 (1999): 415–28.

129

Jens Hainmueller and Daniel J. Hopkins, “Public Attitudes Toward Immigration,” Annual Review of Political Science 17 (2014): 225–49; and Ryan D. Enos, “Causal Effect of Intergroup Contact on Exclusionary Attitudes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 10 (2014): 3699–704.

130

Thomas F. Pettigrew and Linda R. Tropp, “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90, no. 5 (2006): 751. Петтигрю и Тропп обнаружили, что эмпатия — это один из трех основных каналов, по которым контакт снижает предвзятость; также она усложняет формирование стереотипов и снижает тревожность в присутствии чужаков. Thomas F. Pettigrew and Linda R. Tropp, “How Does Intergroup Contact Reduce Prejudice? Meta-Analytic Tests of Three Mediators,” European Journal of Social Psychology 38, no. 6 (2008): 922–34.

131

Colette Van Laar et al., “The Effect of University Roommate Contact on Ethnic Attitudes and Behavior,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41, no. 4 (2005): 329–45; and David Broockman and Joshua Kalla, “Durably Reducing Transphobia: A Field Experiment on Door-to-Door Canvassing,” Science 352, no. 6282 (2016): 220–24.

132

Доказательства, что эмпатия снижает тягу к конкуренции, см. Debra Gilin et al., “When to Use Your Head and When to Use Your Heart: The Differential Value of Perspective-Taking Versus Empathy in Competitive Interactions,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, no. 1 (2013): 3–16; and Mina Cikara and Elizabeth Levy Paluck, “When Going Along Gets You Nowhere and the Upside of Conflict Behaviors,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 7, no. 8 (2013): 559–71.

133

Roni Porat et al., “What We Want Is What We Get: Group-Based Emotional Preferences and Conflict Resolution,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110, no. 2 (2016): 167–90.

134

Tania Tam et al., “The Impact of Intergroup Emotions on Forgiveness in Northern Ireland,” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 10, no. 1 (2007): 119–36; Brian M. Johnston and Demis E. Glasford, “Intergroup Contact and Helping: How Quality Contact and Empathy Shape Outgroup Helping,” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, July 6, 2017; and Hema Preya Selvanathan et al., “Whites for Racial Justice: How Contact with Black Americans Predicts Support for Collective Action Among White Americans,” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 21, no. 6 (2017): 893–912.

135

Gábor Orosz et al., “Don’t Judge a Living Book by Its Cover: Effectiveness of the Living Library Intervention in Reducing Prejudice Toward Roma and LGBT People,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 46, no. 9 (2016): 510–17.

136

Juliana Schroeder and Jane L. Risen, “Befriending the Enemy: Outgroup Friendship Longitudinally Predicts Intergroup Attitudes in a Coexistence Program for Israelis and Palestinians,” Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 19, no. 1 (2016): 72–93.

137

Gunnar Lemmer and Ulrich Wagner, “Can We Really Reduce Ethnic Prejudice Outside the Lab? A Meta-Analysis of Direct and Indirect Contact Interventions,” European Journal of Social Psychology 45, no. 2 (2015): 152–68.

138

Хотя теорию контакта тестировали в десятках исследований, оригинальных принципов Оллпорта коснулись лишь в единицах. Elizabeth L. Paluck et al., “The Contact Hypothesis Re-Evaluated,” Behavioural Public Policy, July 10, 2018, 1–30.

139

Thomas Dierks et al., “Activation of Heschl’s Gyrus During Auditory Hallucinations,” Neuron 22, no. 3 (1999): 615–21.

140

Drew Magary, “Sarah Silverman Is the Troll Slayer,” GQ Magazine, May 23, 2018. В подтверждение позиции Сильвермен: бесправные люди необыкновенно точно считывают мысли властей предержащих. См. Sara Snodgrass, “Women’s Intuition: The Effect of Subordinate Role on Interpersonal Sensitivity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, no. 1 (1985): 146–55; and Michael Kraus et al., “Social Class, Contextualism, and Empathic Accuracy,” Psychological Science 21, no. 11 (2010): 1716–23.

141

Emile Bruneau and Rebecca Saxe, “The Power of Being Heard: The Benefits of ‘Perspective-Giving’ in the Context of Intergroup Conflict,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48, no. 4 (2012): 855–66.

142

Patrick S. Forscher and Nour Kteily, “A Psychological Profile of the Alt-Right,” working paper, 2017, https://psyarxiv.com/c9uvw.

143

Встречу организовала и провела Рейчел Браун, исполнительный директор Over Zero — некоммерческой организации по борьбе с насилием. Рейчел участвует в инновационной и многообещающей кампании против ненависти во всем мире, в том числе в Кении и США.

144

Цитата из интервью A. Schmidt, “Former Neo-Nazi Who Joined Hate Group at 15 and Changed Her Life Now Helps Other Ex-Racists Leave Violent Extremism,” Daily Mail, March 7, 2017.

145

Kristin D. Neff and Elizabeth Pommier, “The Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Other-Focused Concern Among College Undergraduates, Community Adults, and Practicing Meditators,” Self and Identity 12, no. 2 (2013): 160–76. Нефф и Помье обнаружили корреляцию между самосостраданием и эмпатической заботой от 0 до 0,26. То есть даже максимальные значения статистически незначимы.

146

Lisa M. Yarnell and Kristin D. Neff, “Self-Compassion, Interpersonal Conflict Resolutions, and Well-Being,” Self and Identity 12, no. 2 (2013): 146–59.

147

Rony Berger et al., “A School-Based Intervention for Reducing Posttraumatic