Микробы хорошие и плохие. Наше здоровье и выживание в мире бактерий - Джессика Снайдер Сакс

20 В 2011 г. исследователи открыли группу генов устойчивости к антибиотикам, расположенную посреди так называемого “острова патогенности” – обширного транспозона, передающего целый ряд патогенных свойств, таких как резко усиленный синтез токсинов. См.: S. N. Luck et al., “Ferric Dicitrate Transport System of Shigella flexneri 2a YSH6000 Is Encoded in a Novel Pathogenicity

Island Carrying Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Genes”, Infection and Immunology 69 (2001), 6012–6021.

21 L. M. Mundy et al., “Relationship Between Enterococcal Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews (October 2000), 513–522.

22 Robert Weinstein, “Nosocomial Infection Update”, Emerging Infectious Diseases 4 (1998), 416–420.

23 ASM News, June 2004 (American Society for Microbiology).

24 R. Leclercq et al., “Plasmid-Mediated Resistance to Vancomycin and Teicoplanin in Enterococcus faecium”, New England Journal of Medicine 319 (1988), 157–161.

25 “Nosocomial Enterococci Resistant to Vancomycin – United States, 1989–1993”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42 (1993), 597–599.

26 “Staphylococcus aureus Resistant to Vancomycin – United States

2002”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, July 5, 2002.

27 “Brief Report: Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – New York 2004”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, April 23, 2004.

28 Оксазолидиноны не позволяют бактериальным рибосомам запускать синтез белка, блокируя присоединение к ним молекул матричной РНК, в которых содержатся инструкции, определяющие порядок присоединения разных аминокислот друг к другу при синтезе белковой молекулы.

29 Neil Woodford et al., “Detection of Oxazolidinone-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Strains by Real-Time PCR and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis”, Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40 (2002), 4298–4300.

30 R. Devasia et al., “The First Reported Hospital Outbreak of Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus: An Infection Control Problem Has Emerged”, Infectious Disease Society of America Meeting 2005, abstract 1079.

31 Curtis Donskey et al., “Effect of Parenteral Antibiotic Administration on Persistence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium in the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract”, Clinical Infectious Disease 180 (1999),

384-390.

32 Curtis Donskey et al., “Effect of Antibiotic Therapy on the Density of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in the Stool of Colonized Patients”, New England Journal of Medicine 343 (2000), 1925–1932.

33 Michelle Hecker et al., “Unnecessary Use of Antimicrobials in Hospitalized Patients: Current Patterns of Misuse with an Emphasis on the Antianaerobic Spectrum of Activity”, Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (2003), 972–978.

34 “Severe Clostridium difficile – Associated Disease in Populations Previously at Low Risk – Four States, 2005”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly, December 2, 2005.

35 R. Viscidi et al., “Isolation Rates and Toxigenic Potential of Clostridium difficile Isolates from Various Patient Populations”, Gastroenterology 81 (1981), 5–9; L. V. McFarland et al., “Nosocomial Acquisition of Clostridium difficile Infection”, New England Journal of Medicine 320 (1989), 204–210.

36 Paul Byrne, “Toenail Surgery Nearly Killed Me, Jamie-Lee, 15, One of Youngest Victims”, Mirror [U. K.], August 30, 2005; “Hospital Blamed for Mum’s Horrible Death”, Windsor Express [U. K.], March 31, 2006.

37 Vivian Loo et al., “A Predominantly Clonal Multi-Institutional Outbreak of Clostridium difficile – Associated Diarrhea with High Morbidity and Mortality”, New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005), 2442–2449.

38 L. Clifford McDonald et al., “An Epidemic, Toxin Gene-Variant Strain of Clostridium difficile”, New England Journal of Medicine 353 (2005), 2433–2441.

39 Carlene Muto et al., “A Large Outbreak of Clostridium difficile – Associated Disease with an Unexpected Proportion of Deaths and Colectomies at a Teaching Hospital Following Increased Fluoroquinolone Use”, Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology 3 (2005), 273–280.

40 Luis Fabregas, “Superbug Infecting Area Patients”, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, October 29, 2005.

41 “Severe Clostridium difficile Associated Disease in Populations Previously at Low Risk – Four States, 2005”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, December 2, 2005.

42 Yves Gillet et al., “Association Between Staphylococcus aureus Strains Carrying Gene for Panton-Valentine Leukocidin and Highly Lethal Necrotising Pneumonia in Young Immunocompetent Patients”, Lancet 359 (2002), 753–759.

43 Айзек Старр (Isaac Starr), в 1918 г. – студент-медик третьего курса Пенсильванского университета, цитируется по статье: “Influenza in 1918: Recollection of the Epidemic in Philadelphia”, Annals of Internal Medicine 145 (2006), 138–140.

44 Betsy Herold et al., “Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Children with No Identified Predisposing Risk”, Journal of the American Medical Association 279 (1998), 593–598.

45 “Four Pediatric Deaths from Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus – Minnesota and North Dakota, 1997–1999”, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, August 20, 1999, 707–710.

46 Carlos Sattler et al., “Prospective Comparison of Risk Factors and Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Community-Acquired, Methicillin-Resistant versus Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Children”, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 21 (2002), 910–916.

47 Sophia Kazakova et al., “A Clone of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Professional Football Players”, New England Journal of Medicine 352 (2005), 468–475.

48 D. A. Robinson et al., “Re-emergence of Early Pandemic Staphylococcus aureus as a Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Clone”, Lancet 365 (2005), 1256–1258.

49 Sheldon Kaplan et al., “Three-year Surveillance of Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Children”, Clinical Infectious Diseases 40 (2005), 1785–1791; M. D. King et al., “Emergence of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 30 °Clone as the Predominant Cause of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections”, Annals of Internal Medicine 144 (2006), 309–317; Gregory Moran et al, “Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infections Among Patients in the Emergency Department”, New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006), 666–674.