Сверхизбыточность. История роста населения, инноваций и процветания человечества на бесконечно богатой планете - Marian L. Tupy
Шрифт:
Интервал:
380
2.74
25.6
Chinaa
0.08
9.18
10,797
−95.2
20.98
1,998
5.39
13.2
Colombia
0.41
7.28
1,688
−71.0
3.44
244
2.15
32.5
Denmark
1.55
84.91
5,368
−90.5
10.53
953
4.14
17.1
Finland
1.15
65.45
5,568
−90.8
10.91
991
4.21
16.8
France
1.47
65.12
4,326
−88.3
8.52
752
3.76
18.8
Greece
0.54
25.41
4,562
−88.9
8.98
798
3.86
18.3
Hong Kong
0.45
43.30
9,507
−94.6
18.49
1,749
5.16
13.8
Ireland
0.76
99.51
12,960
−96.0
25.14
2,414
5.72
12.5
Italy
0.89
47.42
5,256
−90.3
10.31
931
4.10
17.2
Japan
0.43
42.26
9,774
−94.7
19.01
1,801
5.21
13.7
Mexico
0.60
10.27
1,623
−69.8
3.32
232
2.09
33.5
Netherlands
1.40
68.67
4,796
−89.4
9.43
843
3.94
17.9
Norway
1.67
108.94
6,433
−92.0
12.58
1,158
4.46
15.9
Peru
0.35
6.90
1,858
−73.5
3.77
277
2.31
30.3
Portugal
0.43
26.27
6,002
−91.5
11.75
1,075
4.34
16.3
Singapore
0.63
43.91
6,884
−92.6
13.44
1,244
4.58
15.5
South Korea
0.24
29.32
12,290
−95.8
23.85
2,285
5.62
12.7
Spain
0.46
42.69
9,194
−94.4
17.89
1,689
5.10
13.9
Sweden
2.17
67.37
3,009
−83.3
5.98
498
3.13
22.5
Switzerland
1.74
88.30
4,984
−89.8
9.79
879
4.01
17.6
United Kingdom
1.42
52.50
3,588
−85.9
7.10
610
3.44
20.5
United States
4.04
73.64
1,721
−71.5
3.51
251
2.19
32.1
Average
0.77
23.65
2,960
−79.6
5.89
489
3.10
22.7
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Note: Eur. = Europe; GDP = gross domestic product; Hong Kong = Hong Kong SAR, China.
a. The Conference Board presents the Chinese data in two series, China (Alternative) and China (Official). The former is based on alternative growth estimates, while the latter is based on official data. We use the China (Alternative) series. For more information on The Conference Board’s alternative growth measures for China, please refer to https://www.conference-board.org/pdf_free/FAQ-for-China-GDP-vs4_10nov15.pdf.
Appendix 26. Population resource cost, 18 data sets
Data set
Range
Years
Items in the data set
Percentage change in time prices
Time prices in end-year with start year indexed to 1.0
Population in end-year with start-year indexed to 1.0
Total costs start-year
Total costs end-year
Basic 50
1980–2018
38
50
−71.6
0.284
1.71
1.00
0.486
World Bank 37
1960–2018
58
37
−83.0
0.170
2.52
1.00
0.428
Jacks’s 40 blue-collar
1900–2018
118
40
−96.1
0.039
4.30
1.00
0.170
Jacks’s 40 unskilled
1900–2018
118
40
−93.6
0.064
4.30
1.00
0.274
Jacks’s 26 blue-collar
1850–2018
168
26
−98.3
0.017
14.22
1.00
0.243
Jacks’s 26 unskilled
1850–2018
168
26
−96.4
0.036
14.22
1.00
0.511
U.S. food prices blue-collar
1919–2019
100
42
−91.2
0.088
3.12
1.00
0.276
U.S. food prices unskilled
1919–2019
100
42
−87.8
0.122
3.12
1.00
0.380
U.S. finished goods blue-collar
1979–2019
40
35
−72.3
0.277
1.44
1.00
0.400
U.S. finished goods unskilled
1979–2019
40
35
−70.9
0.291
1.44
1.00
0.420
U.S. finished goods upskilling
1979–2019
40
35
−87.7
0.123
1.44
1.00
0.177
U.S. cosmetic procedures blue-collar
1998–2018
20
19
−31.0
0.690
1.19
1.00
0.820
U.S. cosmetic procedures unskilled
1998–2018
20
19
−25.9
0.741
1.19
1.00
0.881
U.S. cosmetic procedures upskilling
1998–2018
20
19
−70.5
0.295
1.19
1.00
0.351
Simon-Ehrlich 1980–1990
1980–1990
10
5
−54.8
0.452
1.20
1.00
0.541
Simon-Ehrlich 1980–2018
1980–2018
38
5
−57.3
0.427
1.71
1.00
0.731
Simon-Ehrlich 1900–2018 blue-collar
1900–2018
118
5
−89.2
0.108
4.30
1.00
0.465
Simon-Ehrlich 1900–2018 unskilled
1900–2018
118
5
−82.6
0.174
4.30
1.00
0.749
Source: Authors’ calculations.
Appendix 27. Percentage change in population resource cost, 18 data sets
Data set
Range
Years
Items in the data set
Total costs start-year
Total costs end-year
Percentage change in total cost
Basic 50
1980–2018
38
50
1.00
0.486
−51.4
World Bank 37
1960–2018
58
37
1.00
0.428
−57.2
Jacks’s 40 blue-collar
1900–2018
118
40
1.00
0.170
−83.0
Jacks’s 40 unskilled
1900–2018
118
40
1.00
0.274
−72.6
Jacks’s 26 blue-collar
1850–2018
168
26
1.00
0.243
−75.7
Jacks’s 26 unskilled
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