Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

Travels of the Abbé Carré in India and the Near East, 1672 to 1674, vol. 1 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1947), 46.

52 Wendy A.Woloson, Refined Tastes: Sugar, Confectionery, and Consumers in Nineteenth-Century America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), 67.

53 John Fryer, A New Account of East-India and Persia… Being Nine Years Travels, Begun 1672 and Finished 1681… (London: Chiswell, 1698), 223.

54 Sucheta Mazumdar, Sugar and Society in China: Peasants, Technology, and the World Market (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 41.

55 Lippmann, Geschichte des Zuckers, 224–225; Jean Mazuel, Le sucre en Egypte: étude de géographie historique et economique (Cairo: Sociéte Royale de Géographie d’Égypte, 1937), 11–12; Sato, Sugar in the Social Life, 58, 123–125; Ashtor, «Levantine Sugar Society,» 232.

56 Eddy Stols, «The Expansion of the Sugar Market in Western Europe,» in Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450–1680, ed. Stuart B.Schwartz (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 237; John Whenham, «The Gonzagas Visit Venice,» Early Music 21, no. 4 (1993): 542n.75; Edward Muir, «Images of Power: Art and Pageantry in Renaissance Venice,» American Historical Review 84, no. 1 (1979): 45.

57 Sato, Sugar in the Social Life, 29, 166–167; Ouerfelli, Le sucre, 570–571.

58 Приводится по источнику: Philip Lyle, «The Sources and Nature of Statistical Information in Special Fields of Statistics: The Sugar Industry,» Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) 113, no. 4 (1950): 533; Jon Stobart, Sugar and Spice: Grocers and Groceries in Provincial England 1650–1830 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 30–31.

59 См., например: Felix Reynard, «Le movement des navires et des marchandises à Port-de-Bouc à la fin du XIVe siécle,» Revue d’Histoire économique et sociale 34, nos. 2–3 (1956): 163.

60 Tobias Kuster, «500 Jahre kolonialer Rohrzucker – 250 Jahre europäischer Rübenzucker,» Vierteljahrschrift für Sozialund Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1998): 485.

61 Приводится по источнику: John Yudkin, Pure, White and Deadly (London: Penguin, 2012), 128–129. Cм. также: Alain Drouard, «Sugar Production and Consumption in France in the Twentieth Century,» in The Rise of Obesity in Europe: A Twentieth Century Food History, ed. Derek J. Oddy, P.J.Atkins, and Virginie Amelien (Farnham, England: Ashgate, 2009), 123n.21.

62 Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, vol. 1 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1949), 113, 193–200, 235–236.

63 Laura Mason, Sweets and Candy: A Global History (London: Reaktion Books, 2018), 10–11.

64 Например, в Китае изготовление кондитерских изделий началось с появлением тростникового сахара в VII веке. См.: Joseph Needham, Christian Daniels and Nicholas K.Menzies, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 6, Biology and Biological Technology, pt. 3, Agro-Industries: Sugarcane Technology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 68.

65 G.D.J.Schotel and H.C.Rogge, Het Oud-Hollandsch Huisgesin der Zeventiende Eeuw Beschrewen, 2nd ed. (Leiden: Sijthoff, 1905), 52, 224, 242–243, 270; Yda Schreuder, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants and the Atlantic Sugar Trade in the Seventeenth Century (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 108.

66 Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 745–747.

67 См.: Jay Kinsbruner, Petty Capitalism in Spanish America: The Pulperos of Puebla, Mexico City, Caracas, and Buenos Aires (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), 3, 7; Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 72.

68 См.: Reiko Hada, «Madame Marie Guimard: Under the Ayudhya Dynasty of the Seventeenth Century,» Journal of the Siam Society 80, no. 1 (1992): 71–74.

69 Lallanji Gopal, «Sugar-Making in Ancient India,» Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 7, no. 1 (1964): 67; R.H.Davies, Report on the Trade and Resources of the Countries on the North-Western Boundary of British India (Lahore: Government Press, 1862), 1:clx, clxi.

70 Daito, «Sugar Trade,» 15, 17.

71 Alexander Burnes, Travels into Bokhara: Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia… in the Years 1831, 1832, and 1833, vol. 2 (London: J. Murray, 1834), 2:167, 168, 436; Davies, Report on the Trade, 1:clx, clxi.

72 Ibn Battúta, Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325–1354 (London: George Routledge and Sons, 1929), 57.

73 James P.Grehan, Everyday Life and Consumer Culture in Eighteenth-Century Damascus (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016), 116–118; Ju-Kua Chau, Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the 12th and 13th Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-dii, trans. Friedrich Hirth and W.W.Rockhill (St. Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1911), 140.

74 Jacob Baxa and Guntwin Bruhns, Zucker im Leben der Völker: Eine Kulturund Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Berlin: Bartens, 1967), 19.

75 Споры о том, кипятили ли коренные американцы кленовый сироп или нет, не привели к окончательному результату, поскольку отсутствуют релевантные археологические данные, предшествующие присутствию европейцев в Северной Америке. См.: Margaret B.Holman, «The Identification of Late Woodland Maple Sugaring Sites in the Upper Great Lakes,» Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 9, no. 1 (1984): 66. Мейсон полагает, что вопрос не решен, см.: Carol I.Mason, «Prehistoric Maple Sugaring Sites?» Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 10, no. 1 (1985). См. также: Matthew M.Thomas, «Historic American Indian Maple Sugar and Syrup Production: Boiling Arches in Michigan and Wisconsin,» Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 30, no. 2 (2005): 321; John J.Franzen, Terrance J.Martin, and Eric C.Drake, «Sucreries and Ziizbaakdokaanan: Racialization, Indigenous Creolization, and the Archaeology of Maple-Sugar Camps in Northern Michigan,» Historical Archaeology 52, no. 1 (2018): 164–196.

76 Mazumdar, Sugar and Society, 15; Goldstein, The Oxford Companion, 39–40, 419, 529–530.

77 Guanmian Xu, «From the Atlantic to the Manchu: Taiwan Sugar and the Early Modern World, 1630s–1720s,» Journal of World History 33, no. 2 (2022): 293.

78 Общее производство сахара в карибских колониях в 1790 году почти достигло 250 000 тонн, согласно источнику: Deerr, The History of Sugar, 1:239. На 1790 года я оцениваю в 120 миллионов человек численность населения тринадцати стран, определяемых как западноевропейские в источнике: Angus Maddison, The World Economy, A Millennial Perspective (Vol. 1). Historical Statistics (Vol. 2) (Paris: OECD, 2006), https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/157/Papers/world_economy.pdf. Население США в то время составляло 4 миллиона человек. Я предполагаю, что Латинская Америка сама могла обеспечить себя сахаром.

79 Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: Europe, China, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 120–122; George Bryan Souza, «Hinterlands, Commodity Chains, and Circuits in Early Modern Asian History: Sugar in Qing