Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

Kit Sims Taylor, «The Economics of Sugar and Slavery in Northeastern Brazil,» Agricultural History 44, no. 3 (1970): 272.

13 О производительности в расчете на раба, см.: Stuart B. Schwartz, «Introduction,» in Tropical Babylons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World, 1450–1680, ed. Stuart B.Schwarz (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 19. См. также: «Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates,» Slave Voyages, дата обращения 20.01.2022, https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates; Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, vol. 1 (London: Chapman and Hall, 1949), 112.

14 Yda Schreuder, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants and the Atlantic Sugar Trade in the Seventeenth Century (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 52.

15 Kristof Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade: 1620–1740 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1958), 153.

16 Schreuder, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants, 108.

17 J.J.Reesse, De Suikerhandel van Amsterdam: Bijgrade tot de Handelsgeschiedenis des Vaderlands, Hoofdzakelijk uit de Archieven verzameld, vol. 1 (Haarlem: J.L.E.I Kleynenberg, 1908), 132–133.

18 Markus P.M.Wink, «Freedom and Slavery: The Dutch Republic, the VOC World, and the Debate over the ‘World’s Oldest Trade,’» South African Historical Journal, no. 59 (2007): 23, 30.

19 José Antônio Gonsalves de Mello, G.N.Visser, and B.N.Teensma, Nederlanders in Brazilië (1624–1654): De Invloed van de Hollandse Bezetting op het Leven en de Cultuur in Noord-Brazilië (Zutphen, the Netherlands: Walburg Pers, 2001), 183, 185.

20 Henk den Heijer, «The Dutch West India Company, 1621–1791,» in Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585–1817, ed. Johannes Postma and Victor Enthoven (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 88; приводится по источнику: Hermann Wätjen, Das holländische Kolonialreich in Brasilien: Ein Kapitel aus der Kolonialgeschichte des 17. Jahrhunderts (Gotha, Germany: Justus Perthes, 1921), 316–323.

21 Heijer, «The Dutch West India Company,» 88.

22 «Generale missiven van gouverneurs-generaal en raden aan heren XVII der Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie,» II, Grote Serie 112, pp. 613, 706, 758; III Grote Serie 125, pp. 238, 363, цифровая версия по адресу: http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/; Guanmian Xu, «From the Atlantic to the Manchu: Taiwan Sugar and the Early Modern World, 1630s–1720s,» Journal of World History 33, no. 2 (2022): 3.

23 Larry Cragg, Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627–1660 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 19.

24 «Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates»; William A.Green, «Supply versus Demand in the Barbarian Sugar Revolution,» Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 3 (1988): 411; Schreuder, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants, 102–103.

25 Matthew Edel, «The Brazilian Sugar Cycle of the Seventeenth Century and the Rise of West Indian Competition,» Caribbean Studies 9, no. 1 (1969): 30.

26 Green, «Supply versus Demand,» 405; Richard Ligon, A True&Exact History of the Island of Barbados… (London: H.Moseley, 1657), 85–86.

27 Schreuder, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants, 113, 134, 146, 156.

28 Christian J.Koot, Empire at the Periphery: British Colonists, Anglo-Dutch Trade, and the Development of the British Atlantic… (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 187.

29 Herbert I.Bloom, The Economic Activities of the Jews in Amsterdam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Williamsport, PA: Bayard Press, 1937), 37.

30 Gyorgy Novaky, «On Trade, Production and Relations of Production: The Sugar Refineries of Seventeenth-Century Amsterdam,» Tijdschrift voor Sociale Geschiedenis 23, no. 4 (1997): 476; Jan van de Voort, «De Westindische Plantages van 1720–1795: Financiën en Handel» (Eindhoven, the Netherlands: De Witte, 1973), 26; Schreuder, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants, 230, 234, 239–240, 243–245, 252.

31 David Watts, The West Indies: Patterns of Development, Culture and Environmental Change since 1492 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 219–223; Galloway, «Tradition and Innovation,» 342.

32 Matthew Parker, The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire, and War in the West Indies (New York: Walker, 2012), 143.

33 Cecilia Ann Karch, «The Transformation and Consolidation of the Corporate Plantation Economy in Barbados: 1860–1977» (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1982), 158.

34 Метод «Рытья ям», по всей видимости, появился около 1670 года, см.: Peter Thompson, «Henry Drax’s Instructions on the Management of a Seventeenth-Century Barbadian Sugar Plantation,» William and Mary Quarterly 66, no. 3 (2009): 579. Менард предполагает, что позднее, в XVII веке, рытье ям заменили копанием траншей. Russell R.Menard, Sweet Negotiations: Sugar, Slavery, and Plantation Agriculture in Early Barbados (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014), 71.

35 Justin Roberts, «Working between the Lines: Labor and Agriculture on Two Barbadian Sugar Plantations, 1796–97,» William and Mary Quarterly 63, no. 3 (2006): 580–582, 584; Robert Hermann Schomburgk, The History of Barbados (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1848), 166n.1.

36 Thomas D.Rogers, The Deepest Wounds: A Labor and Environmental History of Sugar in Northeast Brazil (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 32–33. Лигон в своей книге (опубликованной в 1657 году) приводит очень информативный рисунок барбадосской сахарной мельницы, на котором видны пять котлов, мельница и варочное отделение, объединенные в тщательно спланированный завод. Ligon, A True&Exact History, 84–85.

37 Mohamed Ouerfelli, Le sucre: Production, commercialization et usages dans la Méditerranée médiévale (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 270–271.

38 Parker, The Sugar Barons, 46–51.

39 B.W.Higman, «The Sugar Revolution,» Economic History Review 53, no. 2 (2000): 213.

4 °Cм.: Robert Justin, «Surrendering Surinam: The Barbadian Diaspora and the Expansion of the English Sugar Frontier, 1650–75,» William and Mary Quarterly 73, no. 2 (2016): 225–226.

41 Schreuder, Amsterdam’s Sephardic Merchants, 181. См. также: Samuel Oppenheim, «An Early Jewish Colony in Western Guiana, 1658–1666, and Its Relation to the Jews in Surinam, Cayenne and Tobago,» Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, no. 16 (1907): 95–186.

42 Michael-Christian Camus, «Le Général de Poincy, premier capitaliste sucrier des Antilles,» Revue française d’Histoire d’Outre-Mer 84, no. 317 (1997): 122.

43 Mordechai Arbell, «Jewish Settlements in the French Colonies in the Caribbean (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Cayenne) and the ‘Black Code,’» in The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450–1800, ed. Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering (New York: Berghann Books, 2001), 288–290; Guy Josa, «Les industries du sucre et du rhum à la Martinique (1639–1931)» (PhD diss., Université de Paris, 1931), 12, 33–34.

44 Abdoulaye Ly, «La formation de l’economie sucrière et le développement du marché d’esclaves africains dans les Iles françaises d’Amerique au XVIIe siècle,» Présence Africaine, no. 13 (1957), 20–21, no. 16 (1957), 120n.14, 125.

45 Alex Borucki, David Eltis, and David Wheat, «Atlantic History and the