Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

28 McClellan and Saint-Louis, Colonialism and Science, 226–227.

29 Hans Groot, Van Batavia naar Weltevreden: Het Bataavisch Genootstrap van Kunsten en Wetneschappen, 1778–1867 (Leiden: KILTV, 2009), 52, 101.

30 Groot, Van Batavia, 78–79, 105; McClellan and Saint-Louis, Colonialism and Science, 226.

31 См.: Jan Hooyman, Verhandeling over den Tegenwoordigen Staat van den Landbouw, in de Ommelanden van Batavia (Batavia: Bataviaasch Genootstrap der Konsten en Wetenschappen, 1781), 239.

32 J.J.Tichelaar, «De Exploitatie eener Suikerfabriek, Zestig Jaar Geleden,» Archief voor de Java-Suikerindustrie 33, no. 1 (1925): 265–266; Margaret Leidelmeijer, Van Suikermolen tot Grootbedrijf: Technische Vernieuwing in de Java-Suikerindustrie in de Negentiende Eeuw (Amsterdam: NEHA, 1997), 76–79, 110.

33 David Lambert, White Creole Culture, Politics and Identity during the Age of Abolition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 50; Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society, 83–84; Edward Long, The History of Jamaica; or, General Survey of the Ancient and Modern State of That Island with Reflections on Its Situation, Settlements, Inhabitants, Climate, Products, Commerce, Laws and Government, vol. 1 (London: Lowndes, 1774), 436–437.

34 William Whatley Pierson, «Francisco de Arango y Parreño,» Hispanic American Historical Review 16, no. 4 (1936): 460.

35 Dale Tomich, «The Wealth of Empire: Francisco Arango y Parreño, Political Economy, and the Second Slavery in Cuba,» Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, no. 1 (2003): 7; Wikipedia, s.v., «Francisco de Arango y Parreño,» дата обращения: 09.04.2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Arango_y_Parre%C3%B1o.

36 Ada Ferrer, Freedom’s Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 23; David Murray, «The Slave Trade, Slavery and Cuban Independence,» Slavery&Abolition 20, no. 3 (1999): 112.

37 Ferrer, Freedom’s Mirror, 33–36; Fransisco de Arango y Parreño, Obras, vol. 1 (Havana: Impr. Enc. Rayados y Efectos de Escritorio, 1888), 47–51.

38 См.: «Discurso sobre la agricultura de la Habana y medios de fomentarla,» in Arango y Parreño, Obras, 1:53–112; Antonio Benítez Rojo, «Power/Sugar/Literature: Toward a Reinterpretation of Cubanness,» Cuban Studies 16 (1986): 9–31.

39 Alain Yacou, «L’expulsion des Français de Saint-Domingue réfugiés dans la région orientale de I’Île de Cuba (1808–1810),» Cahiers du Monde hispanique et luso-brésilien, no. 39 (1982): 50.

4 °Carlos Venegas Fornias, «La Habana y su region: Un proyecto de organizacion espacial de la plantacion eclavista,» Revista de Indias (Madrid) 56, no. 207 (1996): 352; María M.Portuondo, «Plantation Factories: Science and Technology in Late-Eighteenth-Century Cuba,» Technology and Culture 44 (2003): 253; Antón L.Allahar, «The Cuban Sugar Planters (1790–1820): ‘The Most Solid and Brilliant Bourgeois Class in All of Latin America,’» The Americas 41, no. 1 (1984): 49.

41 Tomich, «The Wealth of Empire,» 23; Francisco de Arango y Parreño, Obras, vol. 2 (Havana: Impr. Enc. Rayados y Efectos de Escritorio, 1889), 214, 220–221; Rafael Marquese and Tâmis Parron, «Atlantic Constitutionalism and the Ideology of Slavery: The Cádiz Experience in Comparative Perspective,» in The Rise of Constitutional Government in the Iberian Atlantic World: The Impact of the Cádiz Constitution of 1812, ed. Scott Eastman and Natalia Sobrevilla Perea (Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2015), 184.

42 Matt D.Childs, The 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 4, 22, 79, 157; Ferrer, Freedom’s Mirror, chap. 7.

43 Alexander von Humboldt, Essai politique sur l’Íle de Cuba (Paris: Libraire de Gide fils, 1826), 309.

44 Oliver Lubrich, «In the Realm of Ambivalence: Alexander von Humboldt’s Discourse on Cuba (Relation historique du voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent),» German Studies Review 26, no. 1 (2003): 71; Humboldt, Essai politique, 323–329; Ferrer, Freedom’s Mirror, 27.

45 Irina Gouzévitch, «Enlightened Entrepreneurs versus ‘Philosophical Pirate,’ 1788–1809: Two Faces of the Enlightenment,» in Matthew Boulton: Enterprising Industrialist of the Enlightenment, ed. Kenneth Quickenden, Sally Baggott, and Malcolm Dick (New York: Routledge, 2013), 228; Venegas Fornias, «La Habana y su region,» 353; Jennifer Tann, «Steam and Sugar: The Diffusion of the Stationary Steam Engine to the Caribbean Sugar Industry 1770–1840,» History of Technology 19 (1997): 70.

46 Noël Deerr, The History of Sugar, vol. 2 (London, Chapman and Hall, 1950), 537, 540, 543.

47 Michael W. Flinn, The History of the British Coal Industry, vol. 2 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), 228.

48 Подробный обзор количества машин, изготовленных компаниями Boulton&Watt, Fawcett&Littledale и Rennie, а также пункты назначения для их отгрузки в Карибском регионе, приводятся в источнике: Tann, «Steam and Sugar,» 71–74, 79. О Смите Миррлисе в Глазго см.: Annie Wodehouse and Andrew Tindley, Design, Technology and Communication in the British Empire, 1830–1914 (London: Palgrave Pivot, 2019), 94. Дробилки с паровым двигателем практически отсутствовали в Бразилии до 1860-х годов, см.: J.H.Galloway, «The Sugar Industry of Pernambuco during the Nineteenth Century,» Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58, no. 2 (1968): 296.

49 Luis Martinez-Fernandez, «The Sweet and the Bitter: Cuban and Puerto Rican Responses to the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Sugar Challenge,» New West Indian Guide 67, nos. 1–2 (1993): 49; Alexander von Humboldt, The Island of Cuba. Translated from the Spanish, with Notes and a Preliminary Essay by J. S. Thrasher (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1856), 271.

50 John Alfred Heitmann, The Modernization of the Louisiana Sugar Industry: 1830–1910 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 10; Lawrence H.Powell, The Accidental City: Improvising New Orleans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 258–260.

51 E.J.Forstall, «Louisiana Sugar,» De Bow’s Review 1, no. 1 (1846): 55–56.

52 Beckert, Empire of Cotton, 220.

53 Andrew James Ratledge, «From Promise to Stagnation: East India Sugar 1792–1865» (PhD diss., Adelaide University, 2004), 379, app. 4, table 1.

54 Tann, «Steam and Sugar,» 65.

55 Ulbe Bosma, «Het Cultuurstetsel en zijn Buitenlandse Ondernemers: Java tussen Oud en Nieuw Kolonialisme,» Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis 2, no. 1 (2005): 24; Leidekmeijer, Van Suikermolen, 142.

56 José Guadalupe Ortega, «Machines, Modernity and Sugar: The Greater Caribbean in a Global Context, 1812–50,» Journal of Global History 9, no. 1 (2014): 12.

57 Jacob Baxa and Guntwin Bruhns, Zucker im Leben der Völker Eine Kulturund Wirtschaftsgeschichte (Berlin: Bartens, 1967), 100, 102, 112, 131.

58 Herbert Pruns, Zuckerwirtschaft während der Französischen Revolution und der Herrschaft Napoleons (Berlin: Verlag