Сладкая история мира. 2000 лет господства сахара в экономике, политике и медицине - Ульбе Босма

146 Macaulay and Knutsford, Life and Letters of Zachary Macaulay, 21.

147 David Geggus, «Jamaica and the Saint Domingue Slave Revolt, 1791–1793,» The Americas 38, no. 2 (1981): 219.

148 Geggus, «Jamaica,» 222.

149 David Geggus, «The Cost of Pitt’s Caribbean Campaigns, 1793–1798,» Historical Journal 26, no. 3 (1983): 703.

150 Geggus, «The Cost,» 705.

151 Kentish Gazette, 14.11.1794.

152 Carrington, «‘Econocide,’» 25, 44. Цифры выведены на основе данных из источника: Schumpeter, English Overseas Trade Statistics, 1697–1808, table XVIII.

153 David Beck Ryden, «Does Decline Make Sense?: The West Indian Economy and the Abolition of the British Slave Trade,» Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31, no. 3 (2001): 365, 368, 370–371; Carrington, «‘Econocide,’» 35.

154 Deerr, The History of Sugar, 1:59.

155 Bosma, The Sugar Plantation, 46–48, 63.

156 Petersson, Zuckersiedergewerbe, 91, 124–161; Otto-Ernst Krawehl, Hamburgs Schiffsund Warenverkehr mit England und den englischen Kolonien 1814–1860 (Köln: Böhlau, 1977), 323, 325; Richard Roberts, Schroders: Merchants and Bankers (Basingstoke, England: Macmillan, 1992).

4. Наука и пар

1 Plinio Mario Nastari, «The Role of Sugar Cane in Brazil’s History and Economy» (PhD diss., Iowa State University, 1983), 43; Gilberto Freyre, New World in the Tropics: The Culture of Modern Brazil (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 1959), 72.

2 Alex van Stipriaan, Surinaams Contrast: Roofbouw en Overleven in een Caraïbische Plantagekolonie 1750–1863 (Leiden: KITLV, 1993), 139. По большей части увеличение производительности труда – и прекращение ее снижения в Суринаме и на Барбадосе – произошло после 1790 года, что совпало с внедрением таитянского сахарного тростника. Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 7, 91, 132, 190; David Eltis, Frank D.Lewis, and David Richardson, «Slave Prices, the African Slave Trade, and Productivity in the Caribbean, 1674–1807,» Economic History Review 58, no. 4 (2005): 684–685; Alex van Stipriaan, «The Suriname Rat Race: Labour and Technology on Sugar Plantations, 1750–1900,» New West Indian Guide 63, nos. 1–2 (1989): 96–97, 101–102.

3 См.: Even Beckett, Empire of Cotton: A Global History (New York: Alfred A.Knopf, 2014).

4 Padraic X.Scalan, «Bureaucratic Civilization: Emancipation and the Global British Middle Class,» in The Global Bourgeoisie: The Rise of the Middle Classes in the Age of Empire, ed. Christof Dejung, David Motadel, and Jürgen Osterhammel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019), 145.

5 Dorothy Burne Goebel, «The ‘New England Trade’ and the French West Indies, 1763–1774: A Study in Trade Policies,» William and Mary Quarterly 20, no. 3 (1963): 337.

6 Franklin W.Knight, «Origins of Wealth and the Sugar Production in Cuba, 1750–1850,» Hispanic American Historical Review 57, no. 2 (1977): 249.

7 Eltis, Lewis and Richardson, «Slave Prices,» 683–684.

8 См.: William Belgrove, A Treatise upon Husbandry of Planting, etc. (Boston: D.Fowle, 1755).

9 S.D.Smith, Slavery, Family and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648–1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 124–125: Olwyn M.Blouet, «Bryan Edwards, FRS, 1743–1800,» Notes and Records of the Royal Society 54 (2000): 216.

10 Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 208–209.

11 См.: Jerome S.Handler and JoAnn Jacoby, «Slave Medicine and Plant Use in Barbados,» Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society, no. 41 (1993): 74–98.

12 См.: James Grainger, An Essay in the More Common West-India Diseases… (London: T.Becket and P.A.De Hondt, 1764).

13 См.: Susana Maria Ramírez Martin, «El legado de la real expedición filantrópica de la Vacuna (1803–1810): Las Juntas de Vacuna,» Asclepio 56, no. 1 (2004); Richard B.Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1680–1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 249–267.

14 W.A.Green, «The Planter Class and British West Indian Sugar Production, before and after Emancipation,» Economic History Review 26, no. 3 (1973): 454; J.H.Galloway, «Tradition and Innovation in the Americas Sugar Industry, c. 1500–1800: An Explanation,» Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75, no. 3 (1985): 334–351; Christopher Ohm Clement, «Settlement Patterning on the British Caribbean Island of Tobago,» Historical Archaeology 31, no. 2 (1997); Michael J.Craton and Garry Greenland, Searching for the Invisible Man: Slaves and Plantation Life in Jamaica (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 15.

15 Green, «The Planter Class,» 449–450.

16 Jerome S.Handler and Diane Wallman, «Production Activities in the Household Economies of Plantation Slaves: Barbados and Martinique, Mid-1600s to Mid-1800s,» International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 18, no. 3 (2014): 450, 461; Judith Ann Carney and Richard Nicholas Rosomoff, In the Shadow of Slavery: Africa’s Botanical Legacy in the Atlantic World (Berkeley: University of Carolina Press, 2011), 131; Dale Tomich, «Une petite Guinée: Provision Ground and Plantation in Martinique, 1830–1848,» in The Slaves Economy: Independent Production by Slaves in the Americas, ed. Ira Berlin and Philip D.Morgan (London: Frank Cass, 1991), 70, 73, 86; Sheridan, Doctors and Slaves, 195, 207, 213.

17 Слова Шарля Мозара приводятся в источнике: James E.McClellan and Vertus SaintLouis, Colonialism and Science: Saint Domingue in the Old Regime (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 160.

18 Richard A.Howard, «The St. Vincent Botanic Garden – The Early Years,» Arnoldia 57, no. 4 (1997): 12–14.

19 Edward Brathwaite, The Development of Creole Society in Jamaica 1770–1820 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 84.

20 Richard Henry Drayton, Nature’s Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the «Improvement» of the World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), 94–95.

21 Stipriaan, Surinaams Contrast, 171; Galloway, «Tradition and Innovation,» 341.

22 См., например: Ward J.Barrett, The Sugar Hacienda of Marquess del Valle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1970), 45–46.

23 Galloway, «Tradition and Innovation,» 341; Stuart John McCook, States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760–1940 (Austin: University of Texas, 2002), 79–80.

24 Drayton, Nature’s Government, 104, 110.

25 Adrian P.Thomas, «The Establishment of Calcutta Botanic Garden: Plant Transfer, Science and the East India Company, 1786–1806,» Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain&Ireland 16, no. 2 (2006): 171–172.

26 Matthew Parker, The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire, and War in the West Indies (New York: Walker, 2012), 271.

27 Seymour Drescher, The Mighty Experiment: Free Labor versus Slavery in British Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press,