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3. R. Yehuda, et al., “Putative Biological Mechanisms for the Association Between Early Life Adversity and the Subsequent Development of PTSD”, Psychopharmacology 212, no. 3 (October 2010): 405–17; K. C. Koenen, “Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Review and Recommendations for Future Studies”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 20, no. 5 (October 2007): 737–50; M. W. Gilbertson, et al., “Smaller Hippocampal Volume Predicts Pathologic Vulnerability to Psychological Trauma”, Nature Neuroscience 5 (2002): 1242–47.

4. Koenen, “Genetics of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”. См. также: R. F. P. Broekman, M. Olf, and F. Boer, “The Genetic Background to PTSD”, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 31, no. 3 (2007): 348–62.

5. M. J. Meaney and A. C. Ferguson-Smith, “Epigenetic Regulation of the Neural Transcriptome: The Meaning of the Marks”, Nature Neuroscience 13, no. 11 (2010): 1313–18. См. также: M. J. Meaney, “Epigenetics and the Biological Definition of Gene × Environment Interactions”, Child Development 81, no. 1 (2010): 41–79; and B. M. Lester, et al., “Behavioral Epigenetics”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1226, no. 1 (2011): 14–33.

6. M. Szyf, “The Early Life Social Environment and DNA Methylation: DNA Methylation Mediating the Long-Term Impact of Social Environments Early in Life”, Epigenetics 6, no. 8 (2011): 971–78.

7. Moshe Szyf, Patrick McGowan, and Michael J. Meaney, “The Social Environment and the Epigenome”, Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 49, no. 1 (2008): 46–60.

8. На данный момент имеется огромное количество подтверждений того, что всевозможный жизненный опыт может менять экспрессию генов. Вот несколько примеров: D. Mehta et al., “Childhood Maltreatment Is Associated with Distinct Genomic and Epigenetic Profiles in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110, no. 20 (2013): 8302–7; P. O. McGowan, et al., “Epigenetic Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Brain Associates with Childhood Abuse”, Nature Neuroscience 12, no. 3 (2009): 342–48; M. N. Davies, et al., “Functional Annotation of the Human Brain Methylome Identifies Tissue-Specifc Epigenetic Variation Across Brain and Blood”, Genome Biology 13, no. 6 (2012): R43; M. Gunnar and K. Quevedo, “The Neurobiology of Stress and Development”, Annual Review of Psychology 58 (2007): 145–73; A. Sommershof, et al., “Substantial Reduction of Naive and Regulatory T Cells Following Traumatic Stress”, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 23, no. 8 (2009): 1117–24; N. Provençal, et al., “The Signature of Maternal Rearing in the Methylome in Rhesus Macaque Prefrontal Cortex and T Cells”, Journal of Neuroscience 32, no. 44 (2012): 15626–42; B. Labonté, et al., “Genome-wide Epigenetic Regulation by Early-Life Trauma”, Archives of General Psychiatry 69, no. 7 (2012): 722–31; A. K. Smith, et al., “Differential Immune System DNA Methylation and Cytokine Regulation in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder”, American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 156B, no. 6 (2011): 700–8; M. Uddin, et al., “Epigenetic and Immune Function Profiles Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107, no. 20 (2010): 9470–75.

9. C. S. Barr, et al., “The Utility of the Non-human Primate Model for Studying Gene by Environment Interactions in Behavioral Research”, Genes, Brain and Behavior 2, no. 6 (2003): 336–40.

10. A. J. Bennett, et al., “Early Experience and Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation Interact to Influence Primate CNS Function”, Molecular Psychiatry 7, no. 1 (2002): 118–22. См. также: C. S. Barr, et al., “Interaction Between Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation and Rearing Condition in Alcohol Preference and Consumption in Female Primates”, Archives of General Psychiatry 61, no. 11 (2004): 1146; and C. S. Barr, et al., “Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation Is Associated with Alcohol Sensitivity in Rhesus Macaques Exposed to Early-Life Stress”, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27, no. 5 (2003): 812–17.

11. A. Roy, et al., “Interaction of FKBP5, a Stress-Related Gene, with Childhood Trauma Increases the Risk for Attempting Suicide”, Neuropsychopharmacology 35, no. 8 (2010): 1674–83. См. также: M. A. Enoch, et al., “The Influence of GABRA2, Childhood Trauma, and Their Interaction on Alcohol, Heroin, and Cocaine Dependence”, Biological Psychiatry 67 no. 1 (2010): 20–27; and A. Roy, et al., “Two HPA Axis Genes, CRHBP and FKBP5, Interact with Childhood Trauma to Increase the Risk for Suicidal Behavior”, Journal of Psychiatric Research 46, no. 1 (2012): 72–79.

12. A. S. Masten and D. Cicchetti, “Developmental Cascades”, Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 3 (2010): 491–95; S. L. Toth, et al., “Illogical Tinking and Tought Disorder in Maltreated Children”, Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 50, no. 7 (2011): 659–68; J. Willis, “Building a Bridge from Neuroscience to the Classroom”, Phi Delta Kappan 89, no. 6 (2008): 424; I. M. Eigsti and D. Cicchetti, “The Impact of Child Maltreatment on Expressive Syntax at 60 Months”, Developmental Science 7, no. 1 (2004): 88–102.

13. J. Spinazzola, et al., “Survey Evaluates Complex Trauma Exposure, Outcome, and Intervention Among Children and Adolescents”, Psychiatric Annals 35, no. 5 (2005): 433–39.

14. R. C. Kessler, C. B. Nelson, and K. A. McGonagle, “The Epidemiology of Co-occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders”, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 66, no. 1 (1996): 17–31. См. также: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Washington: National Academies Press, 2008); and C. S. North, et al., “Toward Validation of the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, American Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 1 (2009): 34–40.

15. Joseph Spinazzola, et al., “Survey Evaluates Complex Trauma Exposure, Outcome, and Intervention Among Children and Adolescents”, Psychiatric Annals (2005).

16. Члены нашей рабочей группы: доктора Боб Пиноос, Фрэнк Путнэм, Гленн Сакс, Джулиан Форд, Джозеф Спинаццола, Мэрилин Клотр, Брэдли Столбах, Александр Макфарлейн, Алисия Либерман, Венди Д’Андреа, Мартин Тейхер и Данте Чиккетти.

17. Предложенные критерии для травматического расстройства развития можно найти в приложении.

18. http://www.traumacenter.org/products/instruments.php.

19. Подробнее про Сруфа можно прочитать на странице www.cehd.umn.edu/icd/people/faculty/cpsy/sroufe.html, а про долгосрочное исследование рисков и адаптаций в Миннесоте и связанных с ним публикациями по адресам: http://www.cehd.umn.edu/icd/research/parent-child/ и http://www.cehd.umn.edu/icd/research/parent-child/publications/. См. также: L. A. Sroufe and W. A. Collins, The Development of the Person: The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation from Birth to Adulthood (New York: Guilford Press, 2009); and L. A. Sroufe, “Attachment and Development: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study from Birth to Adulthood”, Attachment & Human Development 7, no. 4 (2005): 349–67.