Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность - Джон Терни

212 наслаждаются свободным временем, которого раньше не знали: J. H. Ausubel and A. Grübler, «Working Less and Living Longer: Long-Term Trends in Working Time and Time Budgets,» Technological Forecasting and Social Change 50 (1995): 113–31, and personal communication with Jesse Ausubel, 2019. Подсчеты свободного времени, взятые из работы 1995 года, были обновление, чтобы отразить последующее увеличение продолжительности жизни. Чтобы ознакомиться с похожими оценками другой страны, см J. de Koning, «The Reduction of Life Hours of Work Since 1850: Estimates for Dutch Males,» SEOR Studies in Social History, no. 2016/1, https://www.seor.nl/Cms_Media/The-shift-from-work-to-leisure.pdf.

212 Улучшения наблюдаются почти во всех сферах жизни человека: Чтобы прочитать обзор прогресса человечества, обратитесь к Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/; R. Bailey, The End of Doom: Environmental Renewal in the Twenty-First Century (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015), Kindle; G. Easterbrook, It’s Better Than It Looks: Reasons for Optimism in an Age of Fear (New York: PublicAffairs, 2018), Kindle; S. Pinker, Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress (New York: Penguin, 2018), Kindle; and S. Moore and J. Simon, It’s Getting Better All the Time: 100 Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2000). Чтобы быстро ознакомиться с улучшениями, см, see R. Wile, «31 Charts That Will Restore Your Faith in Humanity,» Business Insider Australia, May 23, 2013, https://www.businessinsider.com.au/charts-that-will-restore-your-faith-in-humanity-2013–5.

212 большая часть опрошенных: Ipsos, Perils of Perception, September 2017, https://www.ipsos.com/en/global-perceptions-development-progress-perils-perceptions-research.

212 уровень детской смертности: M. Roser, «Child Mortality,» Our World in Data, 2019, https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality.

212 мировой уровень бедности: World Bank, Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2018: Piecing Together the Poverty Puzzle (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2018), 21.

213 в большинстве: YouGov 2015 survey, цитируется в M. Roser, «Most of Us Are Wrong About How the World Has Changed (Especially Those Who Are Pessimistic About the Future),» Our World in Data, July 27, 2018, https: ourworldindata.org/wrong-about-the-world.

213 Гилберт и коллеги: D. E. Levari et al., «Prevalence-Induced Concept Change in Human Judgment,» Science 360 (2018): 1465–67.

215 его ядерный арсенал: G. Easterbrook, The Progress Paradox: How Life Gets Better While People Feel Worse (New York: Random House, 2003), Kindle.

216 Объяснение этому появилось: F. K. Barlow et al., «The Contact Caveat: Negative Contact Predicts Increased Prejudice More Than Positive Contact Predicts Reduced Prejudice,» Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38 (2012): 1629–43.

216 клеймит большинство: S. Paolini and K. McIntyre, «Bad Is Stronger Than Good for Stigmatized, but Not Admired Outgroups: Meta-analytical Tests of Intergroup Valence Asymmetry in Individual-to-Group Generalization Experiments,» Personality and Social Psychology Review 23 (2019): 3–47, https://doi.org/1088868317753504.

217 Джесс Уолкер документирует: J. Walker, The United States of Paranoia: A Conspiracy Theory (New York: HarperCollins, 2013).

217 более $1 триллиона: C. J. Coyne and A. Hall, «Four Decades and Counting: The Continued Failure of the War on Drugs,» Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 811, April 12, 2017, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=95807.

217 уличные цены: D. Werb et al., «The Temporal Relationship Between Drug Supply Indicators: An Audit of International Government Surveillance Systems,» BMJ Open 3 (2013): e003077, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013–003077, and T. Bronshtein, «Explore How Illegal Drugs Have Become Cheaper and More Potent over Time,» Stat, November 16, 2016, https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/16/illegal-drugs-price-potency/.

218 пятьдесят миллионов американцев: J. Dahlhamer et al., «Prevalence of Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain Among Adults – United States, 2016,» Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67 (2018): 1001–6, http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a2.

218 1 или 2 процента: J. Sullum, «Trump Says Pain Pills Are ‘So Highly Addictive.’ He’s Wrong,» Reason, August 17, 2018, https://reason.com/blog/2018/08/17/trump-says-pain-pills-are-so-highly-addi, and M. Szalavitz, «Opioid Addiction Is a Huge Problem, but Pain Prescriptions Are Not the Cause,» Scientific American, May 10, 2016, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/opioid-addiction-is-a-huge-problem-but-pain-prescriptions-are-not-the-cause/.

218 исследования медицинского журнала: G. A. Brat et al., «Postsurgical Prescriptions for Opioid Naive Patients and Association with Overdose and Misuse: Retrospective Cohort Study,» BMJ 360 (2018): j5790, https://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.j5790, and M. Noble et al., «Long-Term Opioid Management for Chronic Noncancer Pain,» Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (2010): CD006605, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006605.pub2.

218 ежегодный опрос федерального правительства: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables (2018), tables 6.53B, 1.82A, 5.2A, https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHDetailedTabs2017/NSDUHDetailedTabs2017.htm#tab1–82A.

218 Типичная жертва: E. M. Johnson et al., «Unintentional Prescription Opioid-Related Overdose Deaths: Description of Decedents by Next of Kin or Best Contact, Utah, 2008–2009,» Journal of General Internal Medicine 28 (2013): 522–29, and J. Sullum, «Opioid Commission Mistakenly Blames Pain Treatment for Drug Deaths,» Reason, November 2, 2017, http://reason.com/blog/2017/11/02/opioid-commission-mistakenly-blames-pain.

218 погибают, смешав их: A. J. Visconti, G. M. Santos, N. P. Lemos, C. Burke, and P. O. Coffin, «Opioid Overdose Deaths in the City and County of San Francisco: Prevalence, Distribution, and Disparities,» Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 92 (2015): 758–72; New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, «Epi Data Brief,» June 2016, https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/down loads/pdf/epi/databrief72.pdf; and J. Sullum, «Are You More Likely to Be Killed by Opioids Than a Car Crash?» Reason, January 17, 2019, https://reason.com/blog/2019/01/17/are-you-more-likely-to-be-killed-by-opio. Sullum analyzes 2017 data from the CDC database Multiple Cause of Death, https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html.

218 героин и фентанил: J. Bloom, «Dear PROP/CDC, Here’s What Happens When You Over-Restrict Pills: More Deaths. Nice Going,» American Council on Science and Health, December 12, 2018, https://www.acsh.org/news/2018/12/12/dear-propcdc-heres-what-happens-when-you-over-restrict-pills-more-deaths-nice-going-13663, and J. A. Singer, «As If We Needed It, More Evidence Emerges Showing That the Government Has Changed the Opioid Crisis into a Fentanyl Crisis,» Cato at Liberty, November 2, 2018, https://www.cato.org/blog/we-needed-it-more-evidence-emerges-showing-government-has-changed-opioid-crisis-fentanyl-crisis.