Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта - Фрэнк Паскуале

(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).

73

Gert Р. Westert, Stef Groenewoud, John E.Wennberg, Catherine Gerard, Phil DaSilva, Femke Atsma, and David 0. Goodman, “Medical Practice Variation: Public Reporting a First Necessary Step to Spark Change,” International Journal for Quality in Health Care 30, no. 9 (2018): 731–735, https://doi.org/1o.1093/intqhc/mzyo92.

74

Anna B. Laakmann, “When Should Physicians Be Liable for Innovation?” Cardozo Law Review 36 (2016): 913–968.

75

Andy Kiersz, “These Are the Industries Most Likely to Be Taken Over by Robots,” World Economic Forum, April 25, 2019, https://www. weforum.org/agenda/2019/o4/these-are-the-industries-most-likely-to-be-taken-over-by-robots; Andrew Berg, Edward F. Buffie, and Luis-Felipe Zanna, “Should We Fear the Robot Revolution? (The Correct Answer Is Yes),” IMF Working Paper WP/18/116, May 21, 2018, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/o5/21/Should-We-Fear-the-Robot-Revolution-The-Correct-Answer-is-Yes-44923.

76

Петро Домингос, Верховный алгоритм: как машинное обучение изменит наш мир (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2016).

77

Hugo Duncan, “Robots to Steal 15 Million of Your Jobs, Says Bank Chief: Doom-Laden Carney Warns Middle Classes Will Be ‘Hollowed Out’ by New Technology,” Daily Mail, December 5, 2008, http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4oo3756/Robots-steal-15m-jobs-says-bank-chief-Doom-laden-Carney-warns-middle-classes-hollowed-new-technology.html#ixzz4SDCt2Pql.

78

См., например: Clayton M.M. Christensen, Curtis W. Johnson, and Michael B. Horn, Disrupting Class (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008); and Clayton M. Christensen, Jerome Grossman, and Jason Hwang, The Innovator’s Prescription: A Disruptive Solution for Health Care (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), где исследуются прорывные инновации в области здравоохранения.

79

Kenneth Scheve and David Stasavage, Taxing the Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).

80

Alondra Nelson, “Society after Pandemic,” Items: Insights from the Social Sciences, April 23, 2020, at https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/society-after-pandemic/. Джон Ури также утверждает, что «исследования будущего должны стать частью социальных наук, а также в определенной мере – частью повседневной жизни». См.: Джон Урри, Как выглядит будущее? (Москва: Издательский дом «Дело» РАНХиГС, 2018), Urry, What Is the Future? (Malden: Polity, 2016), 17–18.

81

Джозеф Вейценбаум, Возможности вычислительных машин и человеческий разум: от суждений к вычислениям (Москва: Радио и связь, 1982).

82

Aaron Smith and Monica Anderson, Automation in Everyday Life (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, October 4, 2017), https:// www.pewinternet.org/2017/1o/o4/automation-in-everyday-life/.

83

Представление о телах как «оболочке» разума позаимствовано из работы: Richard К. Morgan, Altered Carbon (New York: Ballantine), 2003. Сама тема быстрого развития технологий медицинской помощи стареющим или отсрочки старости распространена в медицинском футуризме. См.: Aubrey De Grey, Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime (New York: St. Martin’s, 2008).

84

Прекрасный обзор проблем права и планирования, который содержит более реалистичный подход, см. в: Ian Kerr and Jason Millar, “Robots and Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare” in Canadian Health Law & Policy, eds. Joanna Erdman, Vanessa Gruben and Erin Nelson (Ottawa: Lexis Nexis: 2017), 257–280.

85

Недостаточность данных во многих системах здравоохранения была наглядно продемонстрирована во время пандемии Covid в 2020 г., когда даже богатые нации не обладали инструментами тестирования, которые бы позволили понять величину и серьезность проблемы.

86

Sarah L. Cartwright and Mark P. Knudson, “Evaluation of Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults,” American Family Physician 77 (2008): 971-978.

87

Sharifa Ezat Wan Puteh and Yasmin Almualm, “Catastrophic Health Expenditure among Developing Countries,” Health Systems Policy and Research 4, no. 1 (2017), doi:10.21767/2254–9137.100069; Daniel Callahan and Angela A. Wasunna, “The Market in Developing Countries: An Ongoing Experiment,” in Medicine and the Market: Equity v. Choice (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 117.

88

Veronica Pinchin, “I’m Feeling Yucky: Searching for Symptoms on Google,” Keyword, June 20, 2016, https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2016/06/im-feeling-yucky-searching-for-symptoms.html.

89

Kelly Reller, “Mayo Assists Google in Providing Quick, Accurate Symptom and Condition Information,” Mayo Clinic, June 21, 2016, http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/mayo-clinic-assists-google-in-providing-quick-accurate-symptom-and-related-condition-information/.

90

Ian Steadman, “IBM’s Watson Is Better at Diagnosing Cancer than Human Doctors,” Wired, February n, 2013, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/ibm-watson-medical-doctor.

91

Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb, Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2018).

92

Например, система «зрения» беспилотного автомобиля может интерпретировать знак «стоп» как «45 миль в час», если на знак наклеить несколько кусков ленты. См.: Kevin Eykholt, Ivan Evti-mov, Earlence Fernandes, Bo Li, Amir Rahmati, Chaowei Xiao, Atul Prakash, et al., “Robust Physical-World Attacks on Deep Learning Visual Classification,” arXiv:17O7.o8945v5 [cs.CR] (2018).

93

Eric Topol, Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again (New York: Basic Books, 2019).

94

Kim Saverno, “Ability of Pharmacy Clinical Decision-Support Software to Alert Users about Clinically Important Drug-Drug Interactions,” Journal of American Medical Informatics Association 18, no. 1 (2011): 32–37.

95

Lorenzo Moja, “Effectiveness of Computerized Decision Support Systems Linked to Electronic Health Records: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” American Journal of Public Health 104 (2014): ei2-e22; Mariusz Tybinski, Pavlo Lyovkin, Veronika Sniegirova, and Daniel Kopec, “Medical Errors and Their Prevention,” Health 4 (2012): 165–172.

96

Committee on Patient Safety and Health Information Technology Board on Health Care Services, Health IT and Patient Safety: Building Safer Systems for Better Care (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2012), 39.

97

Lorenzo Moja, Koren Hyogene Kwag, Theodore Lytras, Lorenzo Ber-tizzolo, Linn Brandt, Valentina Pecoraro et al., “Effectiveness of Computerized Decision Support Systems Linked to Electronic Health Records: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” American Journal of Public Health 104 (2014): ei2-e22. См. также: Elizabeth Murphy, “Clinical Decision Support: Effectiveness in Improving Quality Processes and Clinical Outcomes and Factors