Новые законы робототехники. Апология человеческих знаний в эпоху искусственного интеллекта - Фрэнк Паскуале

Internet Research 17, no. 8 (2015): Ш98.

181

Vinayak К. Prasad and Adam S. Gifu, Ending Medical Reversal: Improving Outcomes, Saving Lives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015).

182

Xue Yujie, “Camera above the Classroom: Chinese Schools Are Using Facial Recognition on Students. But Should They?” Sixth Tone, March 26, 2019, http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1oo3759/camera-above-the-classroom.

183

Xue Yujie, “Camera above the Classroom.” См. также: Louise Moon, “Pay Attention at the Back: Chinese School Installs Facial Recognition Cameras to Keep An Eye on Pupils,” South China Morning Post, May 16, 2018, https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2146387/ pay-attention-back-chinese-school-installs-facial-recognition.

184

“Notice of the State Council Issuing the New Generation of Artificial Intelligence Development Plan,” State Council Document [2017] No. 35, trans. Flora Sapio, Weiming Chen, and Adrian Lo, Foundation for Law and International Affairs, https://flia.org/wp-con-tent/uploads/2017/07/A-New-Generation-of-Artificial-Intelligence-Development-Plan-i.pdf.

185

Melissa Korn, “Imagine Discovering That Your Teaching Assistant Really Is a Robot,” Wall Street Journal, May 6, 2016, http://www.wsj. com/articles/if-your-teacher-sounds-like-a-robot-you-might-be-on-to-something-1462546621.

186

IBM примерно так же определяла функцию системы Watson для юристов и врачей – преимущественно в качестве инструмента уже работающих специалистов, а не машины, которая их заменяет.

187

Tamara Lewin, “After Setbacks, Online Courses Are Rethought,” Kew York Times, December 10, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/ us/after-setbacks-online-courses-are-rethought.html.

188

Neil Selwyn, Distrusting Education Technology: Critical Questions for Changing Times (New York: Routledge 2014), 125.

189

David F. Labaree, “Public Goods, Private Goods: The American Struggle over Educational Goals,” American Educational Research Journal 34, no. i (Spring 1997): 39, 46; Danielle Allen, “What is Education For?” Boston Review, May 9, 2016, http://bostonreview.net/forum/ danielle-allen-what-education.

190

US Department of Education, “Education Department Releases College Scorecard to Help Students Choose Best College for Them,” press release, February 13, 2013, https://www.ed.gov/news/press-releases/ education-department-releases-college-scorecard-help-students-choose-best-college-them.

191

Claudia D. Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz, The Race Between Education and Technology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).

192

Charles Taylor, Human Agency and Language: Philosophical Papers, vol. i (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985).

193

Jane Mansbridge, “Everyday Talk in the Deliberative System,” in Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, ed. by Stephen Macedo (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1-211.

194

Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (New York: Oxford University Press 2006).

195

Nikhil Goyal, Schools on Trial: How Freedom and Creativity Can Fix Our Educational Malpractice (New York: Doubleday, 2016).

196

Audrey Watters, “The Monsters of Education Technology,” Hack Education (blog), December 1, 2014, http://hackeducation.com/ 2014/12/01/the-monsters-of-education-technology.

197

Stephen Petrina, “Sidney Pressey and the Automation of Education 1924–1934,” Technology and Culture 45 (2004): 305–330.

198

Sidney Pressey, “A Simple Apparatus Which Gives Tests and Scores – And Teaches,” School and Society 23 (1926): 373–376.

199

B. F. Skinner, The Technology of Teaching, e-book ed. (1968; repr., Cambridge, MA: B. F. Skinner Foundation, 2003), PDF.

200

Audrey Watters, “Teaching Machines,” Hack Education (blog), April 26, 2018, http://hackeducati0n.com/2018/04/26/cuny-gc.

201

Natasha Dow Schiill, Addiction by Design (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012).

202

Rowan Tulloch and Holly Eva Katherine Randell-Moon, “The Politics of Gamification: Education, Neoliberalism and the Knowledge Economy,” Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 40, no. 3 (2018): 204–226.

203

Tristan Harris, “How Technology Is Hijacking Your Mind – From a Magician and Google Design Ethicist,” Medium, May 18, 2016, htt-ps://medium.com/swlh/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds-from-a-magician-and-google-s-design-ethicist-56d62ef5edf3#. ryse2C3rl.

204

Kate Darling, “Extending Legal Protection to Social Robots: The Effects of Anthropomorphism, Empathy and Violent Behavior towards Robotic Objects,” in Robot Law, ed. Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin, and Ian Kerr (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2016), 213–233.

205

Hashimoto Takuya, Naoki Kato, and Hiroshi Kobayashi, “Development of Educational System with the Android Robot SAYA and Evaluation,” International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 8, no. 3 (2011): 51–61.

206

Ibid., 52.

207

Ibid., 60.

208

Hashimoto Takuya, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Alex Polishuk, and Igor Verner, “Elementary Science Lesson Delivered by Robot,” Proceedings of the 8th ACM /IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (March 2013): 133–134; Patricia Alves-Oliveira, Tiago Ribeiro, Sofia Petisca, Eugenio di Tullio, Francisco S. Melo, and Ana Paiva, “An Empathic Robotic Tutor for School Classrooms: Considering Expectation and Satisfaction of Children as End-Users,” in Social Robotics: International Conference on Social Robotics, eds. Adriana Tapus, Elisabeth Andre, Jean-Claude Martin, Francois Ferland, and Mehdi Ammi (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2015), 21–30.

209

Neil Selwyn, Should Robots Replace Teachers? (Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2019).

210

Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Employment Characteristics of Families Summary,” news release, April 18, 2019, https://www.bls.gov/news. release/famee.nro.htm. У 63 % детей младше 18 лет в 2018 г. оба родителя работали.

211

Noel Sharkey and Amanda Sharkey, “The Crying Shame of Robot Nannies: An Ethical Appraisal,” Interaction Studies 11 (2010): 161–163.

212

Amanda J. C. Sharkey, “Should We Welcome Robot Teachers?” Ethics and Information Technology 18 (2016): 283–297. Обсуждение возможных иллюзий людей, взаимодействующих с ботами, см. в: Ian Kerr, “Bots, Babes and the Californication of Commerce” Ottawa Law and Technology Journal 1 (2004): 285–325, где обсуждается аватара ElleGirlBuddy.

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Это воспитание чувств, позволяющее согласиться с тем, что ИИ обладает определенной личностью, является, с моей точки зрения, ключом к пониманию