Государство будущего - Ноам Хомский

На сегодняшний день у нас есть технические и материальные ресурсы, удовлетворяющие все животные потребности человека. Но мы не развили культурные и нравственные ресурсы или демократические формы социальной организации, которые дали бы нам возможность гуманно и рационально использовать наше материальное благосостояние и власть. Понятно, что классические либеральные идеалы, как они выражены и развиты в их либертарианской социалистической форме, достижимы. Но они достижимы только через народное революционное движение, уходящее корнями в широкие слои населения и ставящее себе цель упразднить репрессивные и авторитарные институты, как государственные, так и частные. Создать такое движение – вот задача, которая стоит перед нами и которую надо решить, если мы хотим спастись от современного варварства.

В основе этой книги лежит выступление в Центре поэзии, Нью-Йорк, 16 февраля 1970 года.

1. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, J. W. Burrow, ed. (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969), chap. 7, p. 68.

2. Von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, chap. 8, p. 76.

3. Von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, chap. 7, p. 62 and chap. 3, p. 19.

4. Von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, chap. 3, p. 19.

5. Von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, chap. 3, p. 22.

6. Von Humboldt, “Ideas on Constitutional Statehood, Incited by the New French Constitution” (from a Letter to a Friend, August 1791), cited in Marianne Cowan, ed., Humanist Without Portfolio: An Anthology (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1964).

7. Cited in Shlomo Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (London: Cambridge University Press, 1968), p. 142, referring to comments in The Holy Family. See Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1972), pp. 133–35.

8. Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Program, part I, sec. 3. In Tucker, ed., The Marx – Engel Reader, p. 388.

9. Karl Marx, Capital, part 5, chap 25, sec. 4. In Tucker, ed. The Marx-Engels Reader, p. 310.

10. Rudolf Rocker, Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice (Oakland: AK Press, 2004), p. 10.

11. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), p. 3.

12. Polanyi, The Great Transformation, p. 176.

13. Simon Linguet, Théorie des lois civiles (London, 1767), pp. 274, 464, 466,470–71, cited in Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value [Volume IV of Capital, Part I (1863), S. Ryazanskaya, ed., Emile Burns, trans. (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1963), chap. 7, pp. 346, 348, 349.

14. Cited in Martin Buber, Paths in Utopia (Boston: Beacon Press, 1958), p. 19.

15. Von Humboldt, The Limits of State Action, chap. 16, p. 137.

16. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, First and Second Discourses, R. D. Masters, ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964), p. 179.

17. Von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, chap. 11, pp. 99–100.

18. Octave Mirbeau, quoted in James Joll, The Anarchists (Boston: Little, Brown, 1965), pp. 145–46.

19. Quoted in Daniel Guenn, Anarchism: From Theory to Practice, Mary Klopper, trans. (New York: Monthly Review, 1970), p. 12.

20. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, What Is Рrореrty? Benjamin R. Tucker, trans. (New York: Howard Fertig, Inc., 1966), chap. 1, p. 12.

21. Anton Pannekoek, «Theses On The Fight Of The Working Class Against Capitalism» (1947). Online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoek/1947/theses-fight.htm. Transcribed from Southern Advocate for Workers Councils, Melbourne, Australia, no. 33, May 1947.

22. See V. I. Lenin, Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1964).

23. William Paul, The State: Its Origins and Function (Glasgow: Socialist Labour Press, 1918), pp. 197–98.

24. Informations Correspondance Ouvriere.

25. A later version of this paper is available online: Walter Kendall, “State Ownership, Workers’ Control and Socialism,” paper presented at the First International Sociological Conference on Participation and Self-Management, Dubrovnik, December 13–17, 1972 (http://www.whatnextjournal.co.uk/Pages/Newint/Kendall2.html).

26. Letter from Engels to Philipp Van Patten, April 18, 1883. Available online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/i883/letters/83_04_i8.htm.

27. The preface to the German edition of 1872. In Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, pp. 469–70.

28. Quoted in Guenn, Anarchism, p. 25.

29. Quoted in Guerin, Anarchism, pp. 25–26.

30. Fernand Pelloutier, “Anarchism and the Workers’ Unions,” in Daniel Guerin, ed., No Gods, No Masters, 2 vols. (Oakland: AK Press, 1998), vol. 2, p. 55.

31. Buber, Paths in Utopia, p. 127.

32. V. I. Lenin, Sochineniya (Works), 5th ed. (Moscow: Institute of Marxism-Leninism, 1958–65), vol. 44, pp. 9 and 418. Quoted in Moshe Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle, A. M. Sheridan Smith, trans. (New York: Pantheon, 1968), p. 4.

33. Rousseau, First and Second Discourses, p. 164.

34. Rousseau, First and Second Discourses, p. 165.

35. Immanuel Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone, 1793, Book 4, Part 2, Section 3.

36. Wilhelm von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, chap. 16. p. 43.

37. Von Humboldt, Limits of State Action, chap. 3, p. 18.

38. Rosa Luxemburg, “Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy [‘Leninism or Marxism?’]” (1904), Pan II. Available online at: http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/questions-rsd/index.htm.

39. Carl Kaysen, “The Social Significance of the Modern Corporation,” American Economic Review, May 1957, pp. 313–314.

40. See Ralph Miliband, The State in Capitalist Society (London: Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1969).

41. Richard J. Barnet, The Economy of Death (New York: Atheneum, 1969), p. 97.

42. House Report 1406, 87th Cong., 2nd sess., 1962, p. 7.

43. Arthur H. Vandenberg, Jr., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1952), p. 504.

44. Robert McNamara, The Essence of Security (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), pp. 109–10.

45. McNamara, The Essence of Security, p. no.

46. Economic Concentration, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, 91st Congress, 1st Session (1969), Part 8a.