Эффект негативности. Как способность замечать плохое трансформирует нашу реальность - Джон Терни

122 квалификационные экзамены: New York State Education Department, «Measuring Student Proficiency in Grades 3–8 English Language Arts and Mathematics,» September 26, 2018, http://www.nysed.gov/common/nysed/files/programs/information-reporting-services/2018–3-8-test-results-presentation.pdf.

123 2017 метаанализ: A. Cheng, C. Hitt, B. Kisida, and J. N. Mills, «‘No Excuses’ Charter Schools: A Meta-analysis of the Experimental Evidence on Student Achievement,» Journal of School Choice 11 (2017): 209–38. See also J. D. Angrist, P. A. Pathak, and C. R. Walters, «Explaining Charter School Effectiveness,» American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 5 (2013): 1–27.

124 удерживает большее количество: J. Roy, «Staying or Going? Comparing Student Attrition Rates at Charter Schools with Nearby Traditional Public Schools,» New York City Independent Budget Office Schools Brief, January 2014, http://www.ibo.nyc.ny.us/iboreports/2014attritioncharterpublic.html?mod=article_inline; B. Fertig and J. Ye, «NYC Charters Retain Students Better Than Traditional Schools,» WNYC, March 15, 2016, https://www.wnyc.org/story/nyc-charter-school-attrition-rates/, and E. S. Moskowitz, «The Myth of Charter-School ‘Cherry Picking,’ «Wall Street Journal, February 8, 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/eva-s-moskowitz-the-myth-of-charter-school-cherry-picking-1423438046.

124 поток критики: K. Taylor, «At Success Academy School, a Stumble in Math and a Teacher’s Anger on Video,» New York Times, February 12, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/13/nyregion/success-academy-teacher-rips-up-student-paper.html?_r=0; E. Green, «Beyond the Viral Video: Inside Educators’ Emotional Debate About ‘No Excuses’ Discipline,» Chalkbeat New York, March 8, 2016, https://ny.chalkbeat.org/posts/ny/2016/03/08/beyond-the-viral-video-inside-educators-emotional-debate-about-no-excuses-discipline/; and Moskowitz, Education of Eva Moskowitz, 320–22.

124 только двадцать семь часов: P. S. Babcock and M. Marks, «The Falling Time Cost of College: Evidence from Half a Century of Time Use Data,» Review of Economics and Statistics 93 (2011): 468–78, http://faculty.ucr.edu/~mmarks/Papers/babcock2010falling.pdf.

124 оценка – А (5): S. Rojstaczer, «Grade Inflation at American Colleges and Universities,» GradeInflation.com, March 29, 2016, http://www.gradeinflation.com; S. Rojstaczer and C. Healy, «Where A Is Ordinary: The Evolution of American College and University Grading, 1940–2009,» Teachers College Record 114 (2012): 1–23; and C. Rampell, «The Rise of the ‘Gentleman’s A’ and the GPA Arms Race,» Washington Post, 19 1:03 PM March 28, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-rise-of-the-gentlemans-a-and-the-gpa-arms-race/2016/03/28/05c9e966-f522–11e5–9804-537defcc3cf6_story.html?utm_term=.73a99f546f4b.

124 исследование 2011: R. Arum and J. Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), Kindle.

125 Последующее исследование: R. Arum and J. Roksa, Aspiring Adults Adrift: Tentative Transitions of College Graduates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), and K. Carey, «The Economic Price of Colleges’ Failures,» New York Times, September 2, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/upshot/the-economic-price-of-colleges-failures.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0.

125 попытки оказались провальными: J. Saffron, «Reforms Aimed at Fighting Grade Inflation Are Falling Short,» James G. Martin Center, May 4, 2015, https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2015/05/reforms-aimed-at-fighting-grade-inflation-are-falling-short/.

125 «правда в оценках»: T. K. Lindsay, «If A Is Average, Say So – the Dawn of Honest Transcripts,» Minding the Campus, December 18, 2013, https://www.mindingthecampus.org/2013/12/18/if_a_is_average_say_so-the_da/.

126 законодатели в Техасе: T. Lindsay, «Texas Legislature Looks to Lift College Grading Standards,» Forbes, February 28, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomlindsay/2015/02/28/the-texas-legislature-looks-to-lift-college-grading-standards/#52e0bd41a037.

126 как Харви Мэнсфилд: T. Andersen, N. Jacques, and T. Feathers, «Harvard Professor Says Grade Inflation Rampant,» Boston Globe, December 4, 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/12/03/harvard-professor-raises-concerns-about-grade-inflation/McZH fRZ2RxpoP5Xvwged1N/story.html, and M. Q. Clarida and N. P. Fandos, «Substantiating Fears of Grade Inflation, Dean Says Median Grade at Harvard College is A—, Most Common Grade Is A,» Harvard Crimson, May 26, 2017, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/12/3/grade-inflation-mode-a/.

126 город рядом с Чикаго: R. G. Fryer, S. D. Levitt, J. List, and S. Sadoff, «Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives Through Loss Aversion: AField Experiment,» National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 18237 (2012).

127 фабрика в Нанкине: T. Hossain and J. A. List, «The Behavioralist Visits the Factory: Increasing Productivity Using Simple Framing Manipulations,» Management Science 58 (2012): 2151–67.

128 Откровение чипсов: Drawn from an interview with Dick Grote and from his book Discipline Without Punishment: The Proven Strategy That Turns Problem Employees into Superior Performers (New York: AMACOM, 2006).

132 постоянно демонстрировали психологи: R. F. Baumeister, A. M. Stillwell, and T. F. Heatheron, «Guilt: An Interpersonal Approach,» Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994): 243–67; J. P. Tangney and R. L. Dearing, Shame and Guilt (New York: Guilford Press, 2002); F. J. Flynn and R. L. Schaumberg, «When Feeling Bad Leads to Feeling Good: Guilt-Proneness and Affective Organizational Commitment,» Journal of Applied Psychology (2012): 124–33.

Глава 6: Бизнес для чайников

136 Байингтон начала обсуждать: Interviews with Eliza Byington and Will Felps.

136 Лингвист Джефф Нанберг: G. Nunberg, «Bad Apple Proverbs: There’s One in Every Bunch,» Fresh Air, NPR, May 5, 2011, https://www.npr.org/2011/05/09/136017612/bad-apple-proverbs-theres-one-in-every-bunch.

137 Бенджамин Франклин предупреждал: B. Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack (Philadelphia: New Printing Office, 1736), Kindle.

137 one «roten appul»: G. Chaucer, «The Cook’s Tale,» in The Canterbury Tales (Ware, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 2002), 151.

137 Социальная поддержка стала: J. Holt-Lunstad, T. B. Smith, and J. B. Layton, «Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review,» PLoS Med 7 (2010): e1000316, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316; J. Lynch, The Broken Heart: The Medical Consequences of Loneliness (New York: Basic Books, 1977); and J. T. Cacioppo and W. Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).

138 Исследование вдов: K. S. Rook, «The Negative Side of Social Interaction: Impact on Psychological Well-Being,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 1097–108.